National Indian Youth Council (NIYC) founded in Gallup, NM

Formed by ten Native American college students disillusioned with some tribal leaders, NIYC was formed to advocate for tribal sovereignty, self determination, treaty rights, and cultural preservation. It was one of the first Native American groups to use direct action, and inspired later groups such as the American Indian Movement. They were involved in the fish wars in the Pacific Northwest which were fought for treaty fishing rights, advocating for Native controlled schooling, and helped to fight against unwanted coal and uranium mining on Native reservations. March of 1962 the first issue of their newsletter Aborigine came out. Karen Rickard (Tuscarora) drew the council's seal. In 1963 they began publishing ABC: Americans before Columbus with national distribution and was the first Red Power publication coordinated by Tillie Walker (Mandan). NIYC is credited with coining the term Red Power. Their work continues today in the form of student support and work training programs for Indigenous peoples.